Home Lighting System Project

Introduction To Home Lighting System

In recent year, the control of Home Lighting System has developed from standalone type to more complicated networking controls. Many building management system and even the security system have incorporate the control of lighting into their system as a total solution to their customers. However, there are still no single universal protocol for the building or lighting control system.

The lighting industry has developed a new standard for communication with electronic ballast. Electronic ballast is a common lighting device that is used in practically every building, factory or residential house. This standard called IEC 929 is an interface standard for communication between a controller and the electronic ballast. The standard for the control is called DALI, an acronym for Digital Addressable Lighting Interface. DALI is meant for home or industry use which has 2 wire communication connection between the master-slave and slave-slave. It is developed to reduce the cost of implementation.

Among the features that can be applied are dimming features and control for different grouping/section of the building.

The electronic ballasts can have up to 16 groups and each group can have up to 16 different lighting parameters for the lighting scenes. Each controller can controlled up to 64 electronic ballasts.

There are many ways to implement the DALI depending on the cost and requirements of a home or building. Most of the time, a microcontroller is used at both the slave and the master controller units as this is one of the most cost effective ways to implement the system.

Freescale Semiconductor has developed a prototype and solution based on DALI using its MC68HC908KX8 device. This is a good reference project for students and beginners to inter-networking of devices. The full application design can be downloaded from Freescale Semiconductor website. The downloading could take some time as the file is about 1.7MB. 

ref: electronics-project-design.com/HomeLightingSystem.html

TV Remote Control Jammer

Do you have an incessant channel hopper that is driving you crazy? Or perhaps you simply want to enforce your own selections. The TV Remote Control Jammer will do the trick.

This circuit is a redo of an older design which is not effective on modern remotes. Modern remote controls are hard to jam but with a little care this circuit will do the job. The circuit is just a flasher operating at 40 kHz which is the carrier frequency used by common remote controls. The strong 40 kHz infrared flashing interferes with the signal from the remote.

The 50k potentiometer is adjusted to achieve a 40 kHz flash rate (around 20 kohms) and this adjustment is fairly critical. When it is set properly and the LEDs are pointed directly at the receiver's photodiode, the remote control will stop working. The LEDs are operating at about 30 mA when on but the duty cycle is low and the circuit only draws about 7 mA.

Trouble may be encountered if the frequency is set wrong, the LEDs are not pointed correctly, or if the remote is a real brute. More light may be had by adding another resistor and diode string from the collector to the switch but the most likely problem is the frequency adjustment. Use a 10-turn pot and adjust it slowly while changing channels. Or use a frequency counter or oscilloscope to set the frequency, if possible. Make sure that the current drain is about 7 mA - if not, check the polarity of the diodes. A photodiode infrared recaeiver is handy for checking the light output and comparing it to the remote's.

ref: techlib.com/electronics/gags.html

Telephone In-Use Indicator

When a new computer modem enters the household, the demands on the home phone line skyrockets. The Internet surfer can use phone time on a par with the most talkative teenager. And the computer modem user can be quite sensitive about his privacy: simply lifting another receiver can knock him off-line causing emotional stress. The phone wiring may be modified so that the modem is always in control by connecting the phone line directly to the modem and connecting the rest of the phones to the modem's "phone" jack. But this solution gives the computer user too much power over the phone line and it doesn't solve the problem if two computers share a single line. Here is a simple blinking LED circuit which will alert users when the line is in use before the receiver is lifted. The circuit loads the phone line so lightly that it meets the on-hook telephone equipment leakage specification and the short lamp flashes draw very little current from the nine-volt battery. One of these devices may be placed at each extension without significantly loading the phone line. The circuit is connected to the red and green wires for a single-line system or the yellow and black wires for the second line in a two-line system. Polarity doesn't matter, thanks to the full-wave rectifier. In order to preserve your phone line balance, do not power this device from a line-powered power supply. Only use a battery as shown and insulate the battery and circuitry by building the device into a plastic case. Do not ground the circuitry. The circuit will work with other batteries and battery voltage. Four AA, C, or even D cells (6 volts) will last considerably longer if you have teenagers burning up your batteries. A small 9-volt rectangular battery will be fine for most users.

Notes:

	The diode bridge eliminates polarity concerns. It may be left out but the wires to the phone line may need to be reversed if the circuit doesn't work properly.
	The 22 megohm resistors are sufficiently high to meet phone circuit leakage specifications.
	A 2N4401 will usually work in place of the MPSA-18 but if the transistor gain is too low the flashing will not stop. ref: techlib.com/electronics/telephone.html

Plant Watering Watcher

A flashing LED signals the necessity to water a plant

Very low current consumption - 3V powered circuit

Circuit diagram:

Parts:

R1,R4________470K   1/4W Resistors
R2____________47K   1/2W Trimmer Cermet or Carbon
R3___________100K   1/4W Resistor
R5_____________3K3  1/4W Resistor
R6____________15K   1/4W Resistor
R7___________100R   1/4W Resistor

C1_____________1nF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C2___________330nF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C3,C4_________10µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitors

D1__________1N4148  75V 150mA Diode
D2_____________5mm. Red LED

IC1___________4093  Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC

Q1___________BC557  45V 100mA PNP Transistor

P1,P2_______Probes  (See Notes)

B1______________3V  Battery (2xAA, N or AAA 1.5V Cells in series)

---

Device purpose:

This circuit is intended to signal when a plant needs water. A LED flashes at a low rate when the ground in the flower-pot is too dry, turning off when the moisture level is increasing. Adjusting R2 will allow the user to adapt the sensitivity of the circuit for different grounds, pots and probe types.

Improvements:

This little gadget encountered a long lasting success amongst electronics enthusiasts since its first appearance on this website in 1999. Nevertheless, in the correspondence exchanged during all these years with many amateurs, some suggestions and also criticism prompted me to revise thoroughly the circuit, making some improvements requiring the addition of four resistors, two capacitors and one transistor.
This resulted in a more stable and easy to setup device, featuring a more visible flashing indicator with no resort to ultra bright LED devices.
Extensive tests were also carried out with different flower-pots and probes. Although, as can be easily imagined, differences from various pots and probe types proved to be exceedingly high, typical resistance values across two 60mm long probes driven fully into the pot's ground about 50mm apart measured around 500 to 1000 Ohm with a high water content and about 3000 - 5000 Ohm when the ground was dry.

Circuit operation:

IC1A and related components R1 and C1 form a 2KHz square wave oscillator feeding one gate input of IC1B through the voltage divider R2/R3 made variable by adjusting the Trimmer R2. If the resistance across the probes is low (as when there is a sufficient quantity of water into the pot) C2 diverts the square wave to ground, IC1B is blocked and its output will go steady hight. IC1C inverts the high status to low, thus keeping IC1D blocked: the LED is off.
When the ground in the flower-pot is becoming too dry the resistance across the probes will increase and C2 will be no longer able to divert the square wave to ground. Therefore, IC1B output begins to transfer the 2kHz signal to IC1C which, in turn, passes it to the oscillator built around IC1D.
No longer disabled by a low level on its input, the IC1D oscillator slowly pulses Q1 base low causing the LED to flash, signalling the necessity to water the plant.
The short low pulse driving the base of Q1 is actually a burst of 2kHz pulses and therefore the LED flickers about 2,000 times per second - appearing to the human eye as if the LED was steadily on for the entire duration of the pulse.

Notes:

• A square wave is used to avoid problems of probes oxidization.
• Probes are made with two pieces of bare, stiff lighting cable of 1mm diameter and should be about 60mm long.
• The probes should be driven fully in the pot's ground about 30 - 50mm apart. Please note that all parameters regarding probes material, dimensions and spacing are not critical.
• Current consumption: LED off = 150µA; LED on = 3mA for 0.1 sec. every about 2 sec. allowing the battery to last for years.
• The quiescent current consumption is so low that the use of a power on/off switch was considered unnecessary. In any case, to switch the circuit completely off, you can short the probes.

ref: redcircuits.com/Page18.htm

Inverter 12V to 220V 300W by NE555,2N3055

This be inverter circuit the size about 300W .It performs to transform from battery 12V be house electric 220V 50Hz by have signal picture is Square wave. View Circuit And it has the distinction that uses the equipment seek easy, such as integrated circuit NE555 and 2N3055 transistors. request to have fun circuit this idea.

Electronic Time Constant Control

These circuits show methods of changing the operating frequency of astable LM555 timers electronically. Any source that can drive the base of transistor Q1 can control these circuits. The advantage of using this type of frequency control is that the duty cycle of the timer is not affected when the frequency is changed. [...] Read more Source: http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/LM555.html

Touch Switch Circuit

Describe:
This circuit uses a 555 timer as the bases of the touch switch. You can learn more about 555 timers in the Learning section on my site. When the plate is touched the 555 timer is triggered and the output on pin 3 goes high turning on the LED and the buzzer for a certain period of time. The time that the LED and the buzzer is on is based on the values of the capacitor and resistor connected to pin 6 & 7. The 10M resistor on pin 2 causes the the circuit to be very sensitive to the touch.

4 Transistors Tracking Transmitter

DESCRIPTION:

This tracker works with your regular AM/FM radio or car stereo. Car stereo would be best because it is designed to perform optimum in all conditions.

Real distance is unknown at this time because I never measured it accurately but guess about 300 feet (100 meters). The reception of the signal also depends on the surroundings like tall buildings etc. Most likely the best performance is optained with line-of-sight.

If you can somehow use a longer antenna and beef up the supply voltage to 12V, the performance will be a lot better, just make sure the electrolytic capacitors have the correct working voltage (25V) 1/8" (" = inch) is approximately 3.5mm. 22 ga (USA gauge) is approximately 1.5mm. Antenna: 10 - 12" is approximately 25 to 30cm. A "Non-conductive" core means: wooden dowel, plastic, paper, etc.

47K means 47,000 ohms. The 'K' stands for '1000'. C2/C5: .001uF is the same as 0.001uF or 10nF (nanoFarad). A 'trimmer' capacitor (C3) is an adjustable air capacitor (available everywhere).

The 'ground' symbol shown at the end of Q2's emitter (e) is the negative side of the battery supply.

This circuit belonged to the collection of Art Swan's "Circuit Land".

Sun-Up Alarm

The Sun-Up Alarm can be used to provide a audible alarm for when the sun comes up or it can be used in a dark area and detect when a light comes on. It can also be used to detect a light beam, headlights etc. The circuit works as follows. The phototransistor is very sensitive to light. (Any phototransistor will work fine) The sun shining on this device will provide a high to one of the NAND gates. This will cause another NAND gate to oscillate which will drive another gate to output a 100hz tone. The transistor provides drive for the speaker.

IR Remote Control Jammer

Description:
Don't like your little brother's TV channel selection? Hate the volume your wife sets the stereo at? Want to just annoy someone? This circuit does all that and more by jamming most IR remote signals. The circuit releases a flood of pulsing IR light that confuses the reciever by corrupting the data stream.
Notes:
You may need to adjust the value of R3 for the right frequency. A pot can be used.
You may only need one IR LED.
It goes without saying that this circuit should be used with descretion.
The value of R5 depends on your supply voltage and LED. For a standard 4.5V supply and standard IR LED, use 22 Ohm as specified on the parts list.

AM reciever

Description:
This is a compact three transistor, regenerative receiver with fixed feedback.
It is similar in principle to the ZN414 radio IC which is now no longer available. The design is simple and sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver are good.

Notes: All general purpose transistors should work in this circuit, I used three BC109C transistors in my prototype.The tuned circuit is designed for medium wave. I used a ferrite rod and tuning capacitor from an old radio which tuned from approximately 550 - 1600kHz. Q1 and Q2 form a compund transistor pair featuring high gain and very high input impedance. This is necessary so as not to unduly load the tank circuit.

The 120k resistor provides regenerative feedback,between Q2 output and the tank circuit input and its value affects the overall performance of the whole circuit. Too much feedback and the circuit will become unstable producing a "howling sound". Insufficient feedback and the receiver
becomes "deaf". If the circuit oscillates,then R1's value may be decreased; try 68k. If there is a lack of sensitivity, then try increasing R1 to around 150k. R1 could also be replaced by a fixed
resisor say 33k and a preset resistor of 100k. This will give adjustment of sensitivity and
selectivity of the receiver.

Transistor Q3 has a dual purpose; it performs demodulation of the RF carrier whilst at the same time, amplifying the audio signal. Audio level varies on the strength of the received station but I had typically 10-40 mV.
This will directly drive high impedance headphones or can be fed into a suitable amplifier.

Construction:
All connections should be short, a veroboard or tagstrip layout are suitable. The tuning capacitor has fixed and moving plates. The moving plates should be connected to the "cold" end of the
tank circuit, this is the base of Q1, and the fixed plates to the "hot end" of the coil, the juction of
R1 and C1. If connections on the capacitor are reversed, then moving your hand near the capacitor will cause unwanted stability and oscillation.

Finally here are some voltage checks from my breadboard prototype. This should help in determining a working circuit:-
All measurements made with a fresh 9volt battery and three BC109C transistors with respect to the battery negative terminal.
Q1 (b) 1.31V
Q2 (b) 0.71V
Q2 (c) 1.34V
Q3 (b) 0.62V
Q3 (c) 3.87V